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DNA damage can be caused by a combination of endogenous factors (such as oxidative stress or replication errors) or exogenous factors (such as ultraviolet rays or chemical toxins) (1,2), with major types of DNA damage including single-strand breaks (SSBs), double-strand breaks (DSBs), base modifications, cross-links and large insertions/deletions (3)

Table 2 summarizes the crucial anticancer mechanisms associated with copper deficiency discussed above

This affects vital organelles such as mitochondria, causing alterations in the biophysical properties of the membrane, disrupting the electron transport chain activities, decreased fluidity, and subsequently an energy imbalance

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