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In fact, MOTS-c levels naturally rise during exercise, and giving MOTS-c to mice has been shown to enhance their physical performance (they can run longer on a treadmill)

In June 2024, Moderna announced positive Phase 3 clinical trial results for mRNA-1083, indicating that the vaccine met its primary endpoints by eliciting higher immune responses against both influenza virus and SARS-CoV-2 compared to licensed flu and COVID-19 vaccines in adults aged 50 and older 51

Certain populations face higher deficiency risk: vegetarians and vegans (B12 is primarily found in animal products), adults over 50 (decreased stomach acid reduces B12 absorption), individuals with digestive disorders like Crohn's disease or celiac disease, and those taking medications like metformin or proton pump inhibitors

The earlier trials showed that about a third of patients experienced adverse effects similar to those in other vaccine candidates like injection site pain, fever, and fatigue, but the study included few details about more specific symptoms like nausea, headaches, and vomiting