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The key role of histone acetylation in mGlu2 receptor regulation is also strengthened by the findings that chronic treatment with atypical antipsychotics down-regulates the expression of mGlu2 receptors in the mouse and human prefrontal cortex by increasing the binding of HDAC2 to the Grm2 promoter [39]

More recent reports have demonstrated that L-carnitine supplementation as adjuvant therapy contributes to the amelioration of blood markers of oxidative damage in patients affected by phenylketonuria [76], maple syrup urine disease [77], and disorders of propionate metabolism [78]

As a result, evidence for antioxidant action in humans remains largely indirect and inferred from animal models, underscoring the need for clinical trials that systematically quantify redox outcomes alongside behavioral endpoints

Domaszewski P (2023) Gender differences in the frequency of positive and negative effects after acute caffeine consumption