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Glucose starvation damages the glycolysis and pentose phosphate pathways, leading to an increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and damage to the antioxidant system, resulting in oxidative stress, redox imbalance, and cell death (Ren and Shen, 2019)

Rising demand for GLP-1 drugs despite their high price also presents barriers to access

[DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] 4.Halliwell B

Mechanically, pre-clinical evidence highlights VNS as a multifaceted therapy for IBS, including reducing inflammation via 7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor-mediated suppression of TNF-, alleviating visceral hypersensitivity, increasing colorectal distension thresholds, enhancing motility through M3 receptor activation and gastric emptying, restoring gut microbiota diversity via elevating bifidobacterium abundance and short-chain fatty acids, and improving intestinal barrier integrity