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Using defined combinations of cytokines to simulate in vitro different immune environments observed in disease or inflammation, we observed that astrocytes down-regulate their T cell stimulation and MHC II trafficking functions while microglia maintain their antigen presentation potential (6)

Upon binding, this interaction initiates intracellular signaling cascades associated with cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) production

Cell Metabolism, 3: 177185

Although both of these two play essential roles in cell metabolism, cysteine plays a crucial role in the structure of proteins and protein-folding pathways because of its ability to form intra- (inside a protein) and inter-chain (different proteins) linkages with other cysteine residues (Shi and Carroll, 2020), but they are not the focus of this review